Untitled Document

Section	Title	Page Number
1	ORIGIN OF PETROLEUM	7
1.1	HYDROCARBONS	7
1.2	KEROGENS	8
1.3	SANDSTONE ROCKS	9
1.4	CARBONATE ROCKS	9
1.5	RESERVOIR ROCKS	10
1.6	RESERVOIR DRIVE MECHANISMS	11
1.7	OVERBURDEN PRESSURE	17

Section	Title	Page Number
2	INTRODUCTION TO CORE ANALYSIS	20
2.1	OBJECTIVES OF CORE ANALYSIS	20
2.2	CORING REQUIREMENTS AND TECHNIQUES	21
2.3	WIRELINE CORING	22
2.3.1	Wireline Percussion Coring	23

Section	Title	Page Number
3	ROUTINE CORE ANALYSIS	26
3.1	FULL DIAMETER	26
3.2	PLUG TYPE	26
3.3	SIDEWALL	26

Section	Title	Page Number
4	ROCK PROPERTIES	28
4.1	TEXTURE	28
4.2	CHEMICAL COMPOSITION	30
4.3	CLAY MINERALS	31

Section	Title	Page Number
5	CORE HANDLING	34
5.1	MARKING AND PREPARATION FOR TRANSPORT	34
5.1.1	Conventional Cores	34
5.1.2	Sidewall Cores	34
5.1.3	Pressure Core Barrels	35

Section	Title	Page Number
6	CORE SAMPLE ANALYSIS	37
6.1	WHOLE CORE AND FULL DIAMETER ANALYSIS	37
6.2	PLUG TYPE ANALYSIS	37
6.2.1	Cores Recovered in Pressure Core Barrel	39
6.2.2	Sidewall Cores	39
6.3	SAMPLE PREPARATION	39
6.3.1	Sample Cleaning	39
6.3.2	Sample Drying	40
6.4	COMPACTION AND COMPRESSIBILITY	40
6.5	POROSITY	41
6.5.1	Total Porosity	41
6.5.2	Effective Porosity	41
6.5.3	Water of hydration	41
6.5.4	Relationship of Porosity and Other Textural Features	41
6.5.5	Types of Sandstone Porosity	45
6.5.6	Types of Carbonate Porosity	45
6.6	FACTORS INFLUENCING SURFACE CORE SATURATION	46
6.7	PARAMETERS REQUIRED FOR POROSITY MEASUREMENT	50
6.7.1	Bulk Volume Determination	51
6.8	POROSITY MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES	53
6.8.1	Summation of Fluids	53
6.8.2	Liquid Resaturation	53
6.8.3	Bulk Volume Measurements Examples	53
6.8.4	Grain Volume Determination	54
6.8.5	‘Russell Method’ Grain Volume Determination	54
6.8.6	‘Boyle’s Law’ Method	55
6.8.7	Stevens porosimeter	55
6.8.8	Determination of Grain Volume by Gas Expansion Method	57
6.8.9	Determination of Grain Volume by Saturation Method	57
6.8.10	Gas Expansion Porosimeters (For Larger Cores)	57
6.8.11	Measurement Of Porosity Under Confining Pressure	58
6.8.12	Precision Of Porosity Measurements	59
6.9	COMPARISON OF POROSITY	59
6.9.1	Full Diameter Versus Conventional ‘Plug-Type’ Analysis	59
6.9.2	Percussion Sidewall Versus Conventional ‘plug-Type’ Analysis	60
6.9.3	Accuracy of Methods	60
6.9.4	Comparison Of Porosity Determination Methods	60

Section	Title	Page Number
7	PERMEABILITY	62
7.1	DEFINITION OF PERMEABILITY	62
7.2	FORMATION (SKIN) DAMAGE	66
7.2.1	Example Of Pressure Drop Across Skin	66
7.3	PERMEABILITY DEFINITIONS	68
7.4	RELATIVE PERMEABILITY	69
7.4.1	Multiphase Flowing Systems	69
7.5	MEASUREMENT OF PERMEABILITY	69
7.5.1	Perm - Plug Method	69
7.6	PERMEABILITY MEASUREMENTS	70
7.6.1	Perm - Plug Method	70
7.7	PERMEABILITY MEASUREMENTS	73
7.7.1	Gas Permeability	73
7.7.2	Full Diameter Cores	73
7.7.3	Permeability Measurements	73
7.8	WHOLE CORE MEASUREMENTS	75
7.9	PERMEABILITY MEASUREMENTS	75
7.9.1	Whole Core Measurements	75
7.9.2	Core sample obtained (full diameter, 1 - 11/2ft long)	75
7.9.3	Permeability Of Channeled And Fractured Reservoirs	76
7.9.4	Horizontal Permeability	76
7.9.5	Vertical Permeability	76
7.9.6	Empirical Percussion Sidewall Permeability	76
7.9.7	Measurement of Permeability Under Confining Pressure	77
7.9.8	Accuracy	77
7.10	COMPARISON OF PERMEABILITY	78
7.10.1	Whole Core versus Conventional Samples	78
7.10.2	Sidewall Versus Conventional Core Permeability Data	78
7.10.3	Textural Relationships	79
7.10.4	Gas Permeability vs Liquid Permeabilty	79
7.11	PERMEABILITY MEASUREMENTS	82
7.11.1	Linear Flow of Liquids	82
7.11.2	Linear Flow of Gases	82
7.12	RADIAL FLOW EQUATIONS	83
7.13	FLUID SATURATION MEASUREMENTS	85
7.13.1	Gas Saturation - For Summation of Fluid Analysis	85
7.13.2	Oil Saturation Determination by Retort for Summation of Fluids	86
7.13.3	Water Content Determination by Retort - for Summation of Fluids	87
7.13.4	Dean-Stark Saturation Determination Method	89
7.13.5	Comparison Of Percussion Sidewall And Conventional Core Saturation Data	90

Section	Title	Page Number
8	RESERVOIR FLUID SATURATIONS	92
8.2	VOLUMETRIC CONSIDERATIONS	93
8.2.1	Formation Volume Factor (B)	94
8.2.2	Volumetric Considerations With Pressure And Temperature Reduction	94

Section	Title	Page Number
9	CRUDE OIL EMULSIONS	98
9.1	DEFINITION OF AN EMULSION	98
9.2	EMULSION PREVENTION	99
9.3	RECOGNIZING EMULSIONS	99
9.4	TREATING METHODS	99
9.5	CHEMICAL DEMULSIFERS	100

Section	Title	Page Number
10	ELECTRIC LINE APPLICATIONS	102
10.1	FORMATION TESTING	102
10.2	LOGGING	105
10.2.1	Open Hole Logging	106
10.3	CASED HOLE LOGS	125
10.4	OPEN HOLE TEMPERATURE SURVEY	127
10.5	PRODUCING TEMPERATURE SURVEY	128
10.6	PRODUCTION LOGS (PLT)	128
10.7	TYPES OF PRODUCTION LOGGING TOOLS (PLT)	129
10.7.1	Inflatable packer flowmeter	129
10.7.2	Continuous flowmeter	129
10.7.3	Full bore flow meter	130
10.7.4	Diverter flowmeter	130

Section	Title	Page Number
11	PRESSURISED SURFACE SAMPLES	132
11.1	RECOMBINATION OF SEPARATOR SAMPLES	132

Section	Title	Page Number
12	RESERVOIR ANALYSIS	134
12.1	IDEAL BUILD-UP TEST	134
12.2	THE IDEAL RESERVOIR MODEL	134
12.3	RADIUS OF INVESTIGATION	135
12.4	HORNER’S APPROXIMATION	135
12.5	ACTUAL BUILD-UP TESTS	136
12.5.1	Early-Time Region	136
12.5.2	Middle-Time Region	137
12.5.3	Late-Time Region	137
12.6	DEVIATIONS FROM ASSUMPTIONS IN IDEAL TEST THEORY	137
12.7	INFINITE RESERVOIR ASSUMPTION	137
12.8	SINGLE-PHASE LIQUID ASSUMPTION	138
12.9	HOMOGENEOUS RESERVOIR ASSUMPTION	138
12.10	DRAWDOWN TESTS	139
12.11	TYPE CURVES	140
12.12	GAS WELL TESTING	142
12.12.1	Isochronal	142
12.12.2	Modified Isochronal Test	142
12.12.3	Flow After Flow Test (Gas Well)	142

Section	Title	Page Number
13	NOMECLATURE	144
14	GLOSSARY	148

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